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A PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL 
EXHIBIT OF FISHES * * * 



From BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES, Volume XXVIII, 1908 



Proceedings of the Fourth International Fishery Congress 



Washington, 1908 




WASHINGTON 



GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 



1910 



A PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL 
EXHIBIT OF FISHES * <* <* 

From BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES, Volume XXVIII, 1908 
ProcecdiJigs of the Fourth International Fishery Congress : : Washington^ igoS 







WASHINGTON 



GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 



1910 






& 









BUREAU OF FISHERIES DOCUMENT NO. 721 

Issued May. 1910 



i'i 1 19)0 



A PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT OF FISHES 

By Roy W. Miner 
Assistant Curator, American Museum of Natural History 

Paper presented before the Fourth International Fishery Congress 
held at Washington, U. S. A., September 22 to 26, 1908 
and awarded one-half the prize of one hundred dollars in gold 
offered by the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and 
Sciences for the best plan for an educational exhibit of fishes 



A PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT OF FISHES. 

By ROY \V. MIXER, 
Assistant Curator, Americati Museum oj Natural History. 

J* 

An exhibit to be educational must be attractive as well as instructive; 
that is, its features must be so arranged as to stimulate attention, and when 
that is accomplished, to offer instruction that will be appreciated not only 
by the casually interested observer, but also by those who have come for the 
express purpose of learning, namely, the pupils and teachers of the public 
schools, university students, and others specially interested. Its lessons there- 
fore must be simple, direct, and systematically arranged. 

But when we endeavor to accomplish this end with an exhibition of fishes, 
certain special problems are involved. In the first place, the material is refrac- 
tory and difficult to prepare effectively for exhibition; in the second place, the 
very monotony of the fish form makes the study of arrangement a matter 
of special concern. The consideration of these questions will be taken up 
as follows: (i) The nature of the material available for exhibition will be 
discussed; (2) various methods for arranging and labeling the exhibit will be 
brought forward; (3) supplementary suggestions will be offered for rendering 
the exhibit instructive and attractive, and (4) the paper will close with a pro- 
visional list of fishes to be exhibited. 

The writer does not pretend that he has solved the question of fish exhi- 
bition, but offers these suggestions partly as the result of his attempts in this 
direction and partly as tentative schemes which may aid in meeting some of 
the difficulties. 

NATURE OF THE MATERIAL TO BE EXHIBITED. 

The material for exhibit may be (1) alcoholic specimens, (2) mounted and 
painted skins, (3) casts, (4) models, (5) skeletons, (6) colored plates and pho- 
tographs, (7) groups. 

(1) Alcoholic specimens should be used but sparingly, as for the most part 
they have little exhibition value because of distortion, shrinkage, and loss of 
color. A few good anatomical preparations might be used to show certain 



I 3 1 8 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

peculiarities of structure (pi. cxxvii), or certain kinds of accessory material, 
such as sharks' and skates' eggs, for example, may add to the value of the 
exhibit. 

A rare and interesting form like the goblin shark (Mitsukurina owstoni) 
might be shown, especially if placed beside a model of the living fish; but on 
the whole alcoholic specimens decidedly detract from the interest of the exhibit. 

(2) Mounted and painted skins are sometimes effective for exhibit, espe- 
cially with fish like the gar-pike (Lcpisosteus osseus), the enameled scales of 
which are very successfully treated in this way. (PI. cxxviii.) In fact, this 
method may be used with many forms that have close-set, substantial scares 
(see yellow perch, pi. cxxix), and is especially effective in a fish of either gaudy 
or dark colors (e. g., the angel-fish, or the groupers). It does not, however, 
effectually reproduce the smooth, gleaming, iridescent body of other fishes, as 
the shrinkage and hardening of the drying skin and the paint that is applied 
obscure the original quality of the surface. Hence, painting a skin practically 
amounts to nothing more than painting on an inferior surface. 

(3) Casts, however, though but a reproduction, are faithful, if well executed, 
and furnish a surface much better adapted for coloring. Transparent colors 
over a metallic silver paint may be made to give the effects of iridescence, 
especially with such fish as the mackerels, pompanos, and the lookdown. But 
even the plaster .cast, no matter how well painted, nevertheless does not 
perfectly succeed in giving the surface bloom of the living fish. 

(4) Models. — Some fishes, especially the rarer forms, are hard to procure 
except as distorted alcoholic specimens, yet it may be desirable to represent 
them in the exhibit. In such cases, if sufficient data can be procured, a model 
may be constructed giving a restoration of the original and it may be well to 
exhibit the alcoholic specimen beside the model. 

(5) Skeletons. — The exhibit may be varied and its value greatly increased 
by the use of mounted skeletons of typical forms. These may be correlated by 
appropriate labeling so as to bring out their chief differences. 

(6) Colored plates taken from published works will add to the attractiveness 
of the exhibit and may be used to represent rare species which could not other- 
wise be shown. Many of these plates possess artistic beauty and represent the 
living fish better than any known method of artificial preparation. At the same 
time they portray the extraordinary variety of color and form possessed by the 
fishes of tropical seas. Some of these plates are shown in plate exxx. 

(7) Groups. — It is the pictorial group, however, that calls forth the greatest 
display of interest on the part of the visitor. Groups are the attractive feature, 
the drawing card of an exhibit. In bird and mammal collections they have 
been employed with great success. There are, however, comparatively few 
fish groups, and in these the mistake is often made of producing an aquarium 



PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT OF FISHES. 1319 

effect without a central point of interest. A fish or school of fish swimming 

among seaweed and rocks is not sufficient excuse for the time and expense 

incurred in producing a fish group. There must be a central idea or theme, such 

as the life history of some interesting species, an instance of peculiar breeding 

habits, or an illustration of some biological phenomenon, like adaptation, 

protective coloration, symbiosis, or sexual dimorphism, which can be emphasized 

in a descriptive label for the benefit of the visitor. Instead of being merely a 

spectacle, the group now has educational value; while it is the pictorial effect 

which at first arrests the attention of the observer, the lesson it has to teach is 

impressed on the mind more vividly than by any other method. (See appendix, 

p. 1340, for specific suggestions for these groups.) 

The nature of a fish exhibit is such that no one kind of material should be 

used to the exclusion of the rest. To show to the best advantage it should be 

so arranged that casts are interspersed with mounted skins, skeletons, and 

colored plates, while the monotony of single specimens is broken by groups at 

judicious intervals. 

METHODS OF ARRANGEMENT. 

In general, the synoptic or systematic arrangement is the best to follow. 
This is most readily effected by using single specimens in the bulk of the exhibit, 
which should, however, be varied with groups and accessory exhibits of a 
faunistic, commercial, and biological character. The synoptic series has great 
teaching value for the student of elementary zoology, since the orderly grouping 
of fishes carries with it an orderly grouping of facts readily retained by the mind. 
It is true that many casual visitors may not appreciate the advantages of the 
system, but when well arranged it sets forth, rather than obscures, the attractive 
and striking forms. For the benefit of such visitors the individual labels are 
made clear, simple, and interesting, while those placed with the groups are 
particularly adapted to their requirements. The student, however, needs a 
classification that is more in line with his studies, and this is furnished by the 
synoptic method of arrangement. 

The classification to be followed will vary of course according to individual 
judgment. The writer has found that a combination of the American system 
of Jordan and Evermann with the English system of Boulenger is best adapted 
for purposes of exhibition. Valuable help in this connection has been derived 
from W. K. Gregory's article on "The Orders of Teleostomous Fishes. " a The 
scheme of classification will be given later in connection with the provisional 
list of fishes already referred to. 

Three methods of arranging the exhibit in the hall are offered in the present 
paper, as follows: (1) the corridor arrangement; (2) the alcove arrangement; 
(3) the gallery arrangement. 



"Annals New York Academy of Sciences, vol. xvn, part II, no. 3, p. 4.37-508, pi. xxix-XXX. 



I320 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



(i) The corridor arrangement. — This method is in use in the American 
Museum of Natural History, where the fish exhibit is at present placed in an 

L-shaped corridor (text fig. i) connecting 
two wings of the museum. Here the cases 
are placed in end-to-end series along the 
walls on both sides, an arrangement well 
adapted for this style of hall. The cases for 
the synoptic series are of similar size and 
shape, of the variety shown in plate cxxvi. 
The two doors in front open outward. The 
back is solid and covered with a fabric (in 
this instance a blue denim) , which sets off 
well the varied colors of the fishes. The 
specimens are attached directly to the 
back of the case and are removable. Nine- 
teen cases are used at present for the 
synoptic series. 

The main features of the arrangement 
and classification may be readily seen 
in the accompanying plates. The class 
Pisces is defined in a general label (pi. 
cxxxi) to be found at the entrance of the 
hall and also at intervals throughout the 
exhibit. Its subdivision into three sub- 
classes is indicated at the bottom of the 
label. The parts of the hall devoted to the 
individual subclasses are shown by the large 
signs suspended from the ceiling (pi. 
cxxxii) , while the orders are identified by 




fed 




5. i.— Plan of fish hall in the A: 
the cases. The synoptic cases 
the corridor. 



Museum of Natural History, illustrating the " corridor method" of arranging 
imbcred i to 19. The illustrative group cases are represented in the middle of 



PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT OF FISHES. 1 32 1 

small white-lettered boards at the top of each case (pi. cxxxin). A cast- may 
contain as many as four or five suborders, or if many forms are shown, as in 
the Perciformes (pi. cxxx), or if the specimens are large, as in the Selachii 
(pi. cxxxv), two cases may be devoted to a single suborder. The location of 
each suborder is indicated by black lettering on the glass doors of the cases (pi. 
cxxxvi), and a definition of the group, together with a list of such of its included 
families as are represented in the exhibit, are found in descriptive case-labels 
hung on the doors of the cases (see pis. cxxxvi, cxxxvih, and fig. 4, p. 1324). 

The families are separated from each other by narrow bands of adhesive tape 
(pi. cxxxvii), harmonizing in color with the background, and are identified 
by small family-labels (text fig. 2) giving both the popular and scientific 
names and fastened to the back of the case in each family group. Under each 
specimen is a special descriptive label (text fig. 3) which gives the popular name 




pie of family label. 



in prominent type, while the scientific name is printed in smaller italic characters 
below. The name is followed by a brief popular description of the fish's habits, 
peculiarities, economic value, and geographical distribution. No effort, how- 
ever, has been made to exhibit anything like a complete fish fauna, as the exhibit 
is entirely synoptic in character, only the principal families being shown and the 
typical and most interesting species in each family. Geographical distribution 
maps are being provided for the typical forms. Through the center of the hall 
will be placed groups illustrating life habits and other biological features. These 
will be of the general style shown in plate cxxxii. None are completed as yet, 
but in their places a few reptile groups have been installed temporarily. 

The arrangement of the fish plates may be seen in plates cxxx, exxxm, 
cxxxiv, cxxxvi, and cxxxvii. They are mounted in passe-partout style and 
are hung to the backs of the cases in their proper synoptic position. 



1322 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

Very large and striking specimens are grouped in panels or friezes extending 
the length of the hall in the space between the ceiling and the tops of the cases 
(pi. cxxxviii). 

The labeling in this hall is based on the principle that since the exhibit 
has a double aim, being intended for both the general public and the students 
and instructors of the city schools and colleges, there should be a double system 
of labeling to meet the needs of the two classes. To this end the method of 
utilizing the exhibit by each class has been studied. 



Rainbow Trout 

Sahno irideus Gibbons 



The so-called Rainbow Trout comprise several closely related 
species, and are noted for their garneness, dash, and beauty. 
They are found in mountain streams of the Pacific States 
and on the slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The 
typical Rainbow Trout (Salmo irideus) is found only in small 
brooks of the Californian Coast Ranges, and considering its 
size is perhaps the gamest of the series. It takes the fly with 
great readiness, even leaping from the water to meet it, and 
the struggle that follows is sure to be a long and keen one. 

The weight of the Rainbow Trout varies from a half to 5 or 
6 pounds, though the latter weight is exceptional. 



Fig. 3. — Example of popular label for individual specimens. 

The average person who enters the hall simply to see the exhibit is attracted 
first by the group cases. Then he passes before the synoptic cases, stopping 
here and there as his eye is attracted by some specimen. That is, it is the 
pictorial effect of the groups, or the striking features of some specimen, that 
draws his attention. In either case, if his interest is sufficiently aroused, he reads 
more or less of the accompanying label. Therefore the pictorial group labels 
and those with the individual specimens should be popular in character to meet 
his requirements (see fig. 3, p. 1322). 

The elementary student of fishes, on the other hand, requires a systematic 
presentation of the subject, which will supplement and illustrate his studies. 



PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT OF FISHES. 1 323 

To him the exhibit should appeal somewhat as an enlarged text-book, with object 
lessons for illustrations. It is to the elementary student, therefore, that the 
systematic arrangement is primarily directed — though it doubtless has its uncon- 
scious effect of orderliness upon the casual visitor as well — and the labels which 
bring out this classificatory side are aimed more directly at the student's under- 
standing. Such are the labels indicating the larger groups, and especially the 
descriptive case labels defining the orders and suborders (see fig. 4, p. 1324). 
As these are based on anatomical features, especially those of the skeleton, they 
are necessarily more technical. An attempt, however, has been made to 
simplify them as much as possible, and to eliminate or explain technical terms. 
These labels also endeavor to bring out the phylogenetic relationship of the 
larger groups. 

Accessory labels are freely used (fig. 5, p. 1325) to illustrate special features 
of biological interest. 

(2) The alcove arrangement. — This is really an adaptation of the preceding 
method to a museum hall lighted by many windows from the side, thus permit- 
ting the cases to be placed alcove fashion with their ends to the windows, as 
in figure 6, page 1326. With this arrangement, instead of having a solid back, 
the cases are provided with glass on both sides, while a solid partition is 
constructed midway between, thus making it possible to utilize both sides of 
the case, in two adjoining alcoves. 

The partition is covered with a colored fabric, e. g., blue denim, as in the 
preceding arrangement, and is framed in at top, bottom, and sides by light 
boards (fig. 7, p. 1327) inclined at an angle of about 45 degrees and wide enough 
to slant from the partition to the front edge of the case area, thus giving a 
beveled or countersunk effect. These inclined surfaces are covered with the 
same material as the partition and may be utilized for accessory labels, dia- 
grams, etc. The bottom incline may also be utilized for such specimens as 
flatfishes, which would appear out of place when hung on a vertical surface. 



1324 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



THE TROUT-LIKE FSSHES 

Order Malacopterygii 

Suborder Isospondyli 

Families 
Elopidce Clupeidee 

Albulidce Salmonidce 

Mormijridce Thymallidce 

The fishes of this group include many of the most 
important food and game fishes, such as Tarpons, 
Trouts and Salmons, and the Herrings and Sardines. 
They are distinguished from the Ostariophysi (Case 6) 
by having the four anterior vertebrae of the spinal 
column unaltered and separate, and from the Eels 
(Apodes — Case 9) by the complete and well-developed 
skull. These characters, together with the soft-rayed 
dorsal fin and the cycloid scales — rounded in form 
and with smooth edges — also distinguish them from 
the Spiny-Rayed Fishes (Order Acanthopterygii — 
Case 9-14), most of which have ctenoid scales (i. e., 
scales rounded but with finely toothed edges) and fins 
partly supported by spines. 

Like the Ostariophysi (Case 9) and the Pikes (Case 
1 1 ) the Trouts have their ventral fins well separated 
from the pectorals and placed far back on the abdomen. 
This is a primitive arrangement and may be seen in 
all the lower fishes (e. g., the Sharks, Lungfishes, and 
Ganoids) and contrasts with the more specialized 
Acanthopterygian condition, in which the ventrals are 
attached close to the pectorals. 



iple of descriptive case-label defining a suborde 



PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT OF FISHES. 1325 

The fish in this case illustrate the natural phenomenon of 
degeneration, or rather specialization to an inactive life. The 

five suborders represented form a graded series of steps leading from 
fishes adapted to an extremely active existence clown to relatively in- 
active, sluggish forms, incapable of rapid motion, but protected from 
their enemies by coats-of-mail or by the poisonous alkaloids in their flesh. 

In the left-hand section may be seen the large, active wrasse-fishes 
and parrot-fishes (Suborder PHARYNCOGNATHI) well furnished with 
means of locomotion (i. e., fins), and with large gill-openings which 
permit the rapid oxygenation of the blood necessary to swiftly mov- 
ing animals. The large cycloid scales are evenly distributed over the 
body and allow the greatest flexibility of movement. The teeth are 
adapted for seizing, and indicate carnivorous habits. Everything seems 
adapted to an extremely active life. On the other hand, there is a 
significant tendency toward fusion in certain bones of the skull, and 
(e. g., the parrot-fishes) in the teeth as well. This tendency is still more 
evident in the Scaly-Fin group (Suborder Squamipinnes), where it 
appears in the fusion of the upper jaw elements, and in the gradual 
reduction of the gill-slits and the ventral fins. The body becomes later- 
ally compressed and the transition to the type found in the next suborder 
(SCLERODERMI) is very clear. This suborder is represented in the 
upper right-hand section of this case by the trigger-fishes and file-fishes. 
Here the same flattened form is seen, and the reduction of the spinous 
dorsal and ventral fins to a few stiff spines is very evident. The bones 
of the skull have further fused, the gill-opening is a mere slit, and the 
upper jaw-teeth are compressed or even completely united, while the 
scales are reduced till, in the file-fishes, they become mere prickle--. 
With the trunk-fishes (Suborder OSTRACODERMI) an immovable box- 
like armor takes the place of scales; the bones of the skull are almost 
completely joined; the gill-slit is extremely small; while the ribs and 
other skeletal elements have been practically reduced to a mere bony 
axis bracing the weak, soft dorsal, anal, and caudal fins. The spinous 
dorsal and the ventral fins have disappeared. 

Finally, in the puffers (Suborder GYMNODONTES) we have tin- last 
stage of degeneration or specialization to a sluggish existence. Scales, 
spinous dorsal fin, and distinct teeth are gone. Pelvis, ribs, and caudal 
vertebrae are degenerate and, in extreme forms, even absent. The 
remaining fins, like those of the trunk-fish, are weak, and the body 
incapable of rapid motion, while the leathery skin, power of inflation, 
and poisonous flesh act as protective factors. The largest example of 
the group, the head-fish or mola, sluggishly floats on the surface of the 
sea, leading an inactive and lazy existence. 

Fir,. 5.— An accessory label to illustrate a biological phen 



1326 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



Each alcove should be devoted to one or two related subdivisions of fishes, 
arranged synoptically, as already described, and in the center of the alcove may 




Fig. 6. — Plan showing hall adapted to the " alcove arrangement " of cases. 

be placed a group case illustrating some features connected with one or more 
of the species in the surrounding cases. 



PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIOXAL EXHIBIT OF FISHES. 



1327 



(3) The gallery arrangement. — The idea for this somewhat more elaborate 
method was suggested by the gallery of habitat bird groups in the American 
Museum, but differs from it in that it combines a synoptic with a group exhibit. 
It is adapted for a gallery surrounding a hall occupying the space of two stories, 
such as occurs in most museums. At the side of the gallery farthest from the 
windows is a continuous screen to cut off all light from other parts of the hall 
(fig. 8, p. 1 328), while the window side is entirely taken up with a series of exhibits, 
framed in by a casing, which, while it shuts off the light from the gallery, yet 
diverts it so as to illuminate the exhibit from within. 



\ 



V 


X // 


j 




s\ r\ 


TOP 


^ i ■■ 7 1 





SIDE 



FRONT 



Fig. 7. — Diagram of fish case to be used in ball with " alcove an 
countersunk effect. 



i£cment," showi: 



atral p.irtition witb 



The adaptation of this method to a fish exhibit is shown in figure 9, page 1329. 
Through the opening (A) is seen a pictorial fish group representing some inter- 
esting feature. In the sketch an exhibit of fish life in the vicinity of a coral 
reef in tropical waters has been indicated in outline. This -roup is the central 
feature of that portion of the synoptic exhibit containing the suborders Pharyn- 
gognathi, Squamipinnes, Sclerodermi, and Gymnodontes, which contain so many 
of the brilliantly colored tropical species. 



i 3 28 



BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 



The panels B and C are devoted to the synoptic portion of the exhibit and 
contain representative species of the typical families included in the above- 
mentioned suborders. These specimens are fastened to a cloth-covered backing 



O 



o 



o 




o 



Fig. 8.— Plan illustrating the "gallery arrangement" of fish exhibits, showing screen (A) and row of group exhibits (B) 
of the kind shown in figure 9. page 1329. 



PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT OF FISHES. 



1329 



placed just far enough behind the glass to comfortably accommodate the fish 
and show them off well. Small labels identify each specimen. The names of 
the suborders are lettered in black on the glass. The panels are lighted electric- 





llltllllll 


'« 




II 




iWPElffl 










ally from above and below. At D and E are placed illuminated ground glass 
descriptive labels defining the synoptic divisions and describing the interesting 
features of the central group (.4). The light from the windows behind may 



I33O BULLETIN OP THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

be utilized to a large extent during the daytime for illuminating these exhibits 
with the help of properly arranged reflectors. Colored plates and photographs 
may be used to good effect on the walls of the hall at the ends of the gallery. 
(The two latter methods are offered as tentative suggestions for adapting to other 
museum conditions some of the ideas contained in method no. i.) 

SUPPLEMENTARY SUGGESTIONS. 

(i) Small fishes. — Some species which should be represented in a synoptic 
series are so small that they would appear lost if placed directly against the case 
background. A good setting for such forms is shown in plate cxl. Here two 
specimens of Hippocampus hudsonius are mounted against a colored plaster 
panel, modeled in relief to give a suggestion of seaweed. 

(2) Small balanced aquaria of living fishes may be used with good effect at or 
near the windows of the exhibition hall (pi. cxxxn) . They may be either fresh 
water or marine, and forms may be exhibited from time to time that will be 
objects of interest in themselves. In such instances, small descriptive labels 
may be placed near the aquaria to bring out the interesting features. These 
labels should have removable backs to permit the insertion of new descriptive 
material as the fish exhibited are changed. 

(3) Colored plates like those used in the synoptic series may be arranged in 
panels as wall decorations, as in plate cxxxn. These panels should harmonize 
with the general color scheme of the exhibit setting and may be devoted to 
the fauna of specific regions. 

(4) Photographs of living fish, or illustrating the commercial fisheries, etc., 
may be used to add interest and attractiveness to the halls. 

(5) A plan of the hall should be placed at the entrance to aid the visitor in 
orienting himself and in finding groups of which he may be in search. 

(6) Many of the descriptive labels may be effectively illustrated either by 
indexed outline drawings for the sake of added clearness (pi. cxxxi) or by 
water-color sketches illustrating interesting habits (pi. cxxxix) . 

(7) A special exhibit of the fishes most abundant locally could be made an 
attractive feature, or this could be arranged as a seasonal exhibit by changing 
the fishes to correspond with their seasonal abundance in local waters. 

(8) Single specimens may sometimes be artistically mounted on a pedestal, 
with just a suggestion of accessory setting, as in plate cxli. 

PROVISIONAL LIST OF FISHES FOR A SYNOPTIC EXHIBIT. 

In the following list selection has been made from species which would fall 
under the five following classes: (1) Typical forms; (2) commercial forms; 
(3) peculiar and striking forms ; (4) forms with interesting life-habits ; (5) forms 
valuable for illustrating biological phenomena like protective coloration, symbi- 



PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT OF FISHES. 1 33 1 

osis, adaptation, etc. Only a tentative selection is given, and many of the 
species named could be replaced by other forms. 

The classification used in the list, as above mentioned, is a combination of 
the English and American systems, adapted for exhibition purposes. 

It is natural that particular emphasis should be laid on North American 
fishes, and these are chosen to represent the families where possible. More 
room is also given to commercial fishes than to others. 

CLASS PISCES. 

Subclass Elasmobranchii. 
order plagiostoml 
Suborder Selachii. 

Family Notidanidae. 

Notidanus (Hexanchus) griseus (cow shark). 
Family Seylliidae. 

Ginglymostoma cirraium (nurse shark). 
Family Galeidse. 

Mustetus canis (dog shark). 

Carcharinus lamia (cub shark). 
Family Carchariidae. 

Carckarias liltoralis (sand shark). 

Prionace glauca (great blue shark). 

Scoliodon term-nova; (sharp-nosed shark). 
Family Sphyrnidae. 

Sphyrna zygoma (hammer-head shark). 

Sphyrna tiburo (bonnet-head shark). 
Family Alopiidae. 

Alopias vulpes (thresher shark). 
Family Lamnidae. 

Carcharodon carckarias (man-eater shark). 

Lamna cornubica (porbeagle). 
Family Cetorhinidae. 

Cetorhinus maximus (basking shark). 
Family Squalidae. 

Squalus acanthias (dogfish). 
Family Rhinidae. 

h'hina squatina (angel shark). 
Suborder Batoidei. 
Family Pristidae. 

' Pristis pectinatus (common sawfish). 
Family Rhinobatidae. 

Rhinobatus lentiginosus (guitar-fish). 
Family Raiidae. 

Raia erinacea (common skate). 

Raia kevis (barndoor skate). 
Family Torpedinidse. 

Tetronarce occidenlalis (torpedo). 
Family Dasyatidse. 

Dasyalis cenlrura (sling ray). 
Family Myliobatida?. 

Myliobatis jrcminvillci (eagle ray). 

Mania biroslris (sea devil). 



1332 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

ORDER HOLOCEPHALI. 

Suborder Chimaeroidei. 
Family Chimaeridae. 

Chimara monstrosa (ehimaera). 

Ckinncia colliei (ratfish). 

Chimtrra purpurascens (purple chimaera). 

Subclass Dipneusti. 
order monopneumona. 

Family Ceratodontidae. 

Neoceratodus forsteri (Australian lungfish). 
ORDER DIPLOPNEUMONA. 

Family Lepidosirenidae. 

Protoptcrus dolloi (African lungfish). 
Protopterus annectens (African lungfish). 
Protoptcrus (ethiopicus (African lungfish). 
Lepidosiren paradoxa (South American lungfish). 

Subclass Teleostomi. 
order crossopterygii. 
Suborder Cladistia. 

Family Polypteridse. 

Polypterus bichir (bichir). 
ORDER CHONDROSTEI. 

Family Polyodontidae. 

Polyodon spathula (paddlefish). 
Family Acipenseridae. 

Acipenser sturio (common sturgeon). 
Acipenser rubicundus (lake sturgeon). 
Scaphirhynchus platyrhynchus (shovel-nose sturgeon). 

ORDER HOLOSTEI. 

Suborder Rhomboganoidea. 
Family Lepisosteidae. 

Lepisosteus osseus (long-nose gar). 
Lepisosteus platostomus (short-nose gar). 
Lepisosteus tristtzchus (alligator gar). 
Suborder Cycloganoidea. 
Family Amiidae. 

Amia calva (bowfin). 
ORDER OSTARIOPHYSI. 

Suborder Nematognathi. 
Family Siluridae. 

Ameiurus catus (white cat). 

Fcliehthys marinus (gaff-topsail). 

Ictalurus punctatus (channel cat). 

Ameiurus nebulosus (common bullhead). 

Schilbeodes insignis (mad torn). 
Suborder Eventognathi. 
Family Catostomidae. 

Catoslomus commersonii (common sucker). 
Family Cyprinidse. 

Moxostoma aureolum (common redhorse). 

Ictiobus cyprinella (red-mouth buffalo-fish). 



PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT OF FISHES. 1333 

ORDER OSTARIOPHYSI — continued. 

Suborder Eventognathi — Continued . 
Family Cyprinidae — Continued. 

Cyprinus carpio (golden carp). 
Campostama anomahnn (stone roller). 
Semotilui atromaculalus (horned dace). 
Notropis sp. (shiner) . 
Rhinichihys atronasus (black-nose dace). 
Suborder Heterognathi. 
Family Erykhrinidae. 

Macrodon microlcpis (trahira). 
Family Characinidae. 

Brycon dcnlcx (characin). 
Hydrocyon goliatk (characin) . 
Telragonoptcrus argenlatus (sardina blanca). 
Suborder Gymnonoti. 
Family Gymnotida?. 

Giton jasciatus (carapo). 
Gymnotus electricus (electric eel). 
ORDER APODES. 

Suborder Colocephali. 
Family Muraenidse. 

Lycodoniis moringa (common spotted moray). 
Lycodoniis ocellalus (spotted moray). 
Lycodoniis funebris (black moray). 
Murccna rctijera (moray). 
Echidna ncbulosa (moray). 
Suborder Enchelycephali. 
Family Anguillida;. 

Anguilla chrysypa (American eel). 
Family Leptoeephalidae. 

Leptocephalus conger (conger eel). 
Family Nemichthyidae. 

Nemichthys scolopccus (snipe eel). 
Family Myridae. 

Myrophis punclalus (worm eel). 
Family Ophiehthyidae. 

Ophichthys gomesii (sea serpent). 

ORDER MALACOPTERYGII. 

Suborder Isospondyli. 
Family Elopida?. 

Tarpon allanticus (tarpon). 

Elops saurus (ten-pounder). 
Family Albulidae. 

Albula vulpes (ladyfish). 
Family Hiodontidae. 

Hiodon tcrgisus (moon-eye). 
Family Clupeidae. 

Clupca liarengus (common herring). 

Alosa sapidissima (American shad). 

Pomolobus pseudoltarengus ilewife). 

Brevoortia tyrannus (menhaden). 



1334 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

ORDER MALACOPTERYGH — continued. 
Suborder Isospondyli — Continued. 
Family Salmonidse. 

Coregonus clupeiformis (common whitefish). 

Oncorhynchus ischawytscha (quinnat salmon). 

Salmo irideus (rainbow trout). 

Salmo sebago (landlocked salmon). 

Salmo solar (common Atlantic salmon). 

Salvclinus jontinalis (brook trout). 

Cristivomer namaycush (Mackinaw trout). 
Family Thymallidae. 

Thymallus ontariensis (Michigan grayling). 
Family Argentinidae. 

Osmerus mordax (American smelt). 
ORDER MESICHTHYES. 

Suborder Haplomi. 

Family Synodontidae. 

Synodus varitis (lizard-fish). 

Synodus fat ens (lizard-fish). 
Family Ipnopidae. 

Ipnops murrayi (lantern-eye). 
Family Dalliidae. 

Dallia pectoralis (Alaska blackfish). 
Family Esoeidae. 

Umbra pygmaa (eastern mud minnow). 

Esox masquinongy (muskallunge). 

Esox reticulatus (pickerel). 
Family Pceciliidae. 

Fundulus heteroclilus (common killifish). 

Cyprinodon vaiiegalus (sheepshead minnow). 

Anableps dovii (four-eyed fish). 

Heterandria formosa. 
Family Amblyopsidae. 

Typhlichthys sublcrraneus (small blindfish). 

Amblyopsis spclaus (blindfish of Mammoth Cave). 
Suborder Synentognathi. 
Family BelonidEe. 

Tylosurus caribbaus (needlefish). 
Family Hemirhamphidae. 

Hyporhamphus roberti (common half-beak). 

Scombresox saurus (saury). 
Family Exoccetidae. 

Fodialor acutus (sharp-nose flying-fish). 

Exocaetus volitans (flying-fish). 
ORDER THORACOSTRACI. 

Suborder Hemibranchii. 
Family Gasterosteidae. 

Gasterosteus bispinosus (common eastern stickleback). 

Gasterosteus aculeatus (European stickleback). 
Family Fistulariidae. 

Fistularia tabacaria (trumpet-fish). 



PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT OF FISHES. 1335 

ORDER THORACOSTRACI — continued. 
Suborder Lophobranchii. 
Family Syngnathidse. 

Siphostoma fuscum (common pipefish). 
Hippocampus hudsonius (common sea-horse). 
Hippocampus stylijcr (sea-horse). 
Hippocampus punctulalus (caballeto de mar). 
Hippocampus zostcra (sea-horse). . 

ORDER ACANTHOrTERVGII. 

Suborder Percesoces. 
Family Atherinida?. 

Menidia gracilis (silverside). 
Family Mugilida?. 

Mugil ccphalus (common mullet). 

Mugil curcma (white mullet). 
Family Sphyra-nidae. 

Sphyrxna borcalis (northern barracuda). 
Family Mullidae. 

Upcneus maculatus (red goatfish). 

Upencus mariinicus (yellow goatfish). 
Family Holoeentridae. 

Holocentrus ascensionis (squirrel-fish). 
Family Ammodytidae. 

Ammodytes amcricanus (sand launee). 
Suborder Scombriformes. 
Family Scombridae. 

Cymnosarda pelamis (oceanic bonito). 

Thunnus thynnus (tunny). 

Scomber scombrus (common mackerel). 

Sarda sarda (bonito). 

Scombcronwrus maculatus (Spanish mackerel). 
Family Trichiuridae. 

Trichiurus lepturus (cutlass-fish). 
Family Istiophoridae. 

Istiophorus nigricans (sailfish). 
Family Xiphiidae. 

Xipliias gladius (common swordfish). 
Family Carangidae. 

Oligoplites saurus (leather-jacket). 

Caranx hippos (crevalle). 

Caranx crysos (runner). 

Vomer setipennis (moonfish). 

Selene vomer (lookdown). 

Trachinolus goodei (threat pompano). 

Trachinolus carolinus (common pompano). 
Family Pomatomid.e. 

Pomatomus sallalrix (bluefish). 
Family Coryphjenidae. 

Coryplurna hippurus (common dolphin). 
Family Stromateidae. 

Poronolus iriacanlhus (butterfish). 
Family Rachycentridae. 

Rachycenlron canadum (sergeant-fish). 



I33 6 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

order acanThopterygii — continued. 
Suborder Perciformes. 

Family Centrarchidae. 

Centrarchus macropterus (round sunfish). 
Lepomis auriius (redbreast bream). 
Lepomis pallidus (blue-gill). 
Family Percidte. 

Stizostedion canadense (sauger). 
Pcrca flavescens (yellow perch). 
Ammocrypta pcllucida (sand darter). 
Family Serranidse. 

Roccus chrysops (white bass). 
Roccus lineatus (striped bass). 
Morone americana (white perch). 
Bodianus Julius punctatus (nigger-fish). 
Epincphelus stria/ us (Nassau grouper). 
Epinepkelus adscensionis (rock hind). 
Epincphelus quttatus (red hind). 
Epincphelus morio (red grouper). 
Garrupa nigriia (black jewfish). 
< entropristes striatus (black sea bass). 
Family Priacanthida:. 

Priacanthus arenatus (catalufa). 
Family Lutianidae. 

Neomasnis griseus (gray snapper). 
Neomcenis guttatus (flamenco). 
Neomcenis jocu (dog snapper). 
Neomcenis apodus (schoolmaster). 
Lutianus aya (red snapper). 
Lutianus analis (mutton-fish). 
Ocyurus chrysurus (yellow-tail). 
Family Hcemulidae. 

Huinulon album (margate-fish). 
Hicmnlon plumieri (common grunt). 
Bathystoma rimator (red-mouth grunt). 
Orthopristis chrysopterus (hogfish). 
Family Sparidae. 

Calamus hajonado (jolt-head porgy). 
Stenotomus chrysops (common scup). 
Archosargus probatocephalus (sheepshead). 
Archosargus unimaculalus (salema). 
Family Gerridae. 

Gores olisthostomus (Irish pompano). 
Family Sciaenida;. 

Cynoscion regalis (common weakfish). 
Cynoscion nebulosus (spotted weakfish). 
Bairdiella chrysura (mademoiselle). 
Scicenops ocellatus (channel bass). 
Micropogon undulatus (croaker). 
Menticirrhus americanus (Carolina whiting). 
Menlicirrhus saxatiiis (kingfish). 
Pogonias cromis (drum). 
Aplodinotus grunniens (freshwater drum). 



PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT OF FISHES. 1 33 7 



order ACANTHOPTERYGir— continued. 

Suborder Perciformes — Continued. 
Family Pomacentridae. 

Eupomacentrus leucosticlus (Beau Gregory). 

Eupomacentrus fuscus (Maria Molle). 

Abudcjduj saxatilis (cow pilot). 
Suborder Pharyngognathi. 
Family Labridae. 

Tautogolabrus adspersus (eunner). 

Tautoga onilis (tautog). 

Lachnolaimus maximus (hogfish). 

Ilalichoeres sp. 
Family Scaridae. 

Sparisoma abildgaardi (red parrot-fish). 

Callyodon ccsruleus (blue parrot-fish). 

Scarus vetula (old wife). 
Suborder Squamipinnes. 
Family Ephippidae. 

Cluztodipterus faber (spade-fish). 
Family Chaetodontidae. 

Megaprotodon ti i;<i sciali • 

Pomacanthus arcuatus (black angel). 

Holacanthus tricolor (rock beauty). 

Holacanthus ciliaris (blue angel-fish). 

Chcrtodon ocellatus (isabelita). 

ChaAodon capistratus (parche). 

Chatodon striatus (butterfly-fish). 
Suborder Scleroderma 
Family Balistidae. 

Batistes vetula (old wife). 

Balistes carolinensis (leather-jacket). 

Balistapus rectangular 
Family Teuthididae. 

Tcuthis cceruleus (blue tang). 

Teuthis hepatus (common surgeon-fish). 
Family Monacanthidae. 

Monacanthus hispidus (filefish). 

Alutera scluxpfi (orange filefish). 
Suborder Ostracodermi. 
Family Ostraciidae. 

Lactophrys trigonus (common trunkfish). 

Ladophrys bicaiidalie (spotted trunkfish). 

Lactophrys triqueler (rock shellfish)." 

Lactophrys tricornis (cowfish). 
Suborder Gymnodontes. 
Family Tetraodontidae. 

Lagocephalus larcigatus (smooth puffer). 

Spheroides maculatus (puffer). 
Family Diodontida?. 

Diodon hystrix (porcupine-fish). 

Chilomycterus schozpfi (common burrfish). 
Family Molida?. 

Mola mola (ocean sunfish). 



1338 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

order acanthopterygii — continued . 
Suborder Seleroparei. 
Family Seorpaenidae. 

Sebastes marinus (rosefish). 

Scbastodcs constellatus (spotted rockfish). 

Sebastodcs rosaceus (corsair). 
Family Cottidae. 

Coitus ictalops (miller's-thumb). 

My otocephalus octodccims pinosus (long-spined sculpin). 

Hcmitripcrus amcricanus (sea-raven). 
Family Triglidae. 

Prionotus carolinus (common gurnard). 

Prionotus strigatus (northern striped gurnard). 
Family Cephalacanthidae. 

Cephalacanthus volitans (flying robin). 
Family Cyclopteridae. 

Cyclopterus lumpus (lumpfish). 
Family Liparididse. 

Li parts liparis (sea-snail). 
Suborder Gobiiformes. 
Family Gobiidae. 

Dormitator maculatus (paneca). 

Gobius occanicus (esmeralda). 

Typhlogobius califomiensis (blind goby). 
Suborder Discocephali. 
Family Echeneididae. 

Eclieneis naucrates (shark-sucker). 

Remora remora (remora). 
Suborder Jugulares. 

Family Malacanthidae. 

Malacanthus plumieri (matajuelo bianco). 

Caulolatilus princeps (blanquillo). 

Lopholatilus chamaleonticeps (tilefish). 
Family Uranoseopidae. 

Astroscopus y-grcecum (electric stargazer). 
Family Batrachoididae. 

Opsanus tau (toadfish). 

Porichthys nolatus (singing-fish). 
Family Gobiesocidae. 

Gobiesox virgatulus (clingfish). 
Family Blenniidae. 

Pholis gunnellus (butterfish). 

Lumpenus lampctrccjormis (snake blenny). 

Labrisomus nuchipennis. 
Family Anarhichadidae. 

Cryptacanthodes maculatus (wry-mouth). 

Anarhichas lupus (wolf-fish). 
Family Zoarcidae. 

Zoarces anguillaris (eel pout). 
Family Fierasferidae. 

Fierasjer afflnis (pearlfish). 



PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT OF FISHES. 1 339 

ORDER ACANTHOPTERVGII — continued. 
Suborder Tseniosomi. 
Family Regaleeidae. 

Regalecus glesne (oarfish).« 
Family Traehypteridae. 

Trachyptcrus rex-salmonorum (king-of-the-salmon) fl 
Suborder Anaeanthini. 
Family Merlueeiida?. 

Merluccius merluccius (European hake). 

Merluccius bilinearis (whiting). 
Family Gadidae. 

Gadus callarias (common cod). 

Microgadus tomcod (tomcod). 

Pollachius wrens (pollock). 

Mclanogrammus aglefinus (haddock). 

Lota maculosa (burbot). 

Moha molva (ling). 

Urophycis tenuis (squirrel hake). 

Enchelyopus cimbrius (four-bearded rockling). 

Brosme brosme (cusk). 
Family Macrouridae. 

Macrourus bairdii (common rat-tail). 
Suborder Heterosomata. 
Family Pleuroneetidae. 

Hippoglossus hippoglossus (halibut). 

Paralichthys dentatus (summer flounder). 

Paralichthys oblongus (four-spotted flounder). 

Limatula jerruginea (rusty dab). 

Pseudoplcuronectcs amcricanus (winter flounder). 

Hippoglossoides platessoides (sand dab). 

Lophopsctta maculala (window-pane). 
Family Soleidae. 

Achirus fascia/us (American sole). 

Sytnphurus plagusia (tongue-fish). 
ORDER PEDICl'LATI. 

Family Lophiidae. 

Lophius piscatorius (common angler). 
Family Ceratiidas. 

Cryptopsaras couesii (sea-devil). 
Family Antennariidoe. 

Plerophrync histrio (sargassum-fish). 

Antcmmrius occllalus (frogfish). 
Family Malthidae. 

Ogcocephalus vespertilio (batfish). 

M alike malthc. 

a Rare. To be represented by colored plates or drawings. 



1340 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 

APPENDIX. 

SUGGESTIONS FOR SUBJECTS FOR ILLUSTRATIVE MUSEUM FISH GROUPS. 
(See pages 1318-1319.) 

Order Plagiostomi: Cub-shark with shark-sucker. (Comrnensalism.) 

Transitional forms — shark to skate. (Evolution and adaptation.) 
Order Holoeephali: Life history of Chimcera colliei. (Growth and development.) 
Subclass Dipneusti : Nesting and burrowing habits of Protopterus. 
Order Chondrostei: Feeding habits of Polyodon spathula. (Also adaptation.) 
Order Holostei: Nesting and feeding habits of Amia calva. (Instincts.) 
Order Ostariophysi: Land habits of Doras. (Possible evolution in progress.) 
Order Apodes : Life history of the common eel. (Metamorphosis.) 
Group of morays. (Adaptation.) 
Deep sea saccopharyngids. (Adaptation.) 
Order Malacopterygii: Humpbacked or hooknosed salmon. (Sexual dimorphism.) 

Salmon leaping. (Instincts.) 
Order Mesichthyes: Four-eyed fish (Anableps dovii). (Adaptation.) 

Blindfish — cave fauna. (Degeneration; adaptation.) 
Group of flying fishes. (Adaptation.) 
Order Thoracostraci : Breeding habits of stickleback. (Instincts.) 

Group of sea horses. (Specialization ; protective resemblance.) 
Order Acanthopterygii : 

Suborder Percesoces: Habits and adaptations of Anabas scandens. 
Suborder Scombriformes : Life history of Selene vomer. (Metamorphosis.) 

Nomeus gronovii and Physalia arethusa. (Symbiosis.) 
Suborder Perciformes: Nesting habits of the gourami (Osphromenus oljax). (Instincts.) 
Suborders Perciformes, Pharyngognathi, Squamipinnes, Sclerodermi, and Gymnodontes: Tropical 

coloration and degeneration. 
Suborder Scleroparei: Group of toadfishes, sea -robins and sea-ravens to illustrate adaptation to 

bottom life and protective resemblance. 
Suborder Jugulares: Group of Fierasfcr acus and holothurians to illustrate symbiosis. 
Suborder Heterosomata : Life history of flounder. (Metamorphosis, adaptation to bottom life, and 
protective resemblance.) 
Order Pediculati : Group of deep-sea fishes illustrating adaptation. 



Note. — In several instances two or more of the above suggestions could be advantageously com- 
bined in a single group, illustrating several biological principles in one exhibit. 



U. S. B. I-'., [908. 



l'l.ATl. CXXVI. 



"S 



; ' '"' il ()RM| s 



^■fA* 



4tk 



X. I 




4 






Bul. U. S. B. F., 190S. 



1'i.vi ! CXXVII. 







Bul. U. S. B. F., [908. 



Plate CXXVIII. 




Jul. U. S. B. F., [90S. 



Plate CXXIX. 




Bul. IT. vS. B. F.. 1 90S. 



Plate CXXX. 




One of the 1 rch group, sliowii 



THE FISHES 



i I ASS PIS< I ■ 




A MACKEREL 

Fishes may be defined as jaw-bearing, back-boned animals, adapted in shape, 
method of breathing, and method of locomotion for an aquatic life. 

In shape, they ire spindlc-likc. thus offering little resistance to the water when swimming. 
They breathe by means 61 gifts, organs adapted to purify tin- blood by the oxygen contained 
in the water. In most fishes the gills are protected by a gill-cover, the o/iereulum. 

The chief organ "I I motion is the powerful tail, which is aided more or less In the paired 

, which correspond to the fore ,in<l hind limbs ol land animals. The 
fins, however, act chiefly 
The median dorsal and anal Jius act as keels and y '■■■■ stability to the fish. 
[Besides an internal cartilaginous or bony skeleton, fishes usually pos 

denticles, scales or bony plates. 
An air-bladder is frequently present, and set Dipneusti, where 

it acts as a lung and aids the gills in purifying th 

Fishes also p rganized 

tns arranged along the side to forn 
ire di\ ided nto threi subi lass* 

CLASS PISC1 S 

1 

In this For 

furth,:: labels. 



•rat label defininir class Pisces Framed copies ol this label 

nackerel at the top is drawn in bv hand. A different species is represented i 

onus near which it is placed. 



Bul. U. S. B. F., 1908. 



Plate CXXXII. 




Bul. U. S. B. P., 1908. 



1'i.wk CXXXII] 



ACANTHOPTEPYCII 



PERCqSOCFS 



5( 0MBR1I OKMl S 







SCOMBRIFORMI S 



< 






A typical case illustrating till 






BrL. U. S. B. F., rgoS. 



I'i.ati: CXXXIV 




A typical case with doors open, showing charade. 



Bui.. IT. S. B. !■'., [90S. 



Plate CXXXV 



ORDER 

PLAGIOSTOMI 




SUBOKDr.R 



SELACHII 



One- of the shark Cas 



Bul. U. S. B. F., 1 90S. 




Case devoted to tlie trout group. The method of indicating the subordei vu in this figure 

hanging on the front of the case finitioii of the sul 



Bul. U. S. B. F., 1908. 



Plate CXXXVII. 






devoted to the Haplomi, illustrating the use of family labels and the method < 
the famili 



Bul. U. S. B. F., 1 90S. 



Plate CXXXVIII. 










Bul. U. S. B. F., 1908. 



Plate CXXXIX. 



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z * 

I- 

Oi < 

3 
(0 



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-3 J= 
O -2 .2 « <J= 



c ~ 
c 3 

* 2 .-? 



- — ~ 



_= c o — 



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Bul. U. S. B. F., 1908. 



CXL. 




: treating small fislies. The photograph is actual : 



Bui.. U. S. B. F., 1908. 



Pi.atk CXLI. 




3477-103 
hot 21 



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